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glibs: installation problem
by r_sreekumar 25 Jun '02

25 Jun '02

hello thanks for the information about the glibs package. I downloaded it and tried to install. but on login i am getting an error message - it is given below. if somebody is using it please give me some solution the error message i gt when i tried to login as Administrator was ----------------------------------------------- Warning: Cannot add header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/pro/public_html/processing.php:5) in /home/pro/public_html/common.php on line 75 Warning: Cannot add header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/pro/public_html/processing.php:5) in /home/pro/public_html/common.php on line 76 Warning: Cannot add header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/pro/public_html/processing.php:5) in /home/pro/public_html/common.php on line 77 Warning: Cannot add header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/pro/public_html/processing.php:5) in /home/pro/public_html/processing.php on line 27 Warning: Cannot add header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/pro/public_html/processing.php:5) in /home/pro/public_html/processing.php on line 42 ------------------------------------------------------ I have tried with all versions available in sourceforge.net sreekumar _________________________________________________________ There is always a better job for you at Monsterindia.com. Go now http://monsterindia.com/rediffin/

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correcting mailman of fsf-friends
by Raghavendra Bhat 25 Jun '02

25 Jun '02

List Admin/s: Please note that the sender of a post/mail is not getting a copy of the post from the Mailing List. This option should be set to on, so that the poster gets a copy too. Hope this gets corrected.... -- ragOO, VU2RGU<->http://gnuhead.dyndns.org/<->GPG: 1024D/F1624A6E Helping to keep the Air-Waves FREE Amateur Radio Helping to keep your Software FREE the GNU Project Helping to keep the W W W FREE Debian GNU/${kernel}

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free library software
by r_sreekumar 25 Jun '02

25 Jun '02

hello we are looking for a library software (GPL) for my college library. plese inform if anybody have any information. sreekumar _________________________________________________________ There is always a better job for you at Monsterindia.com. Go now http://monsterindia.com/rediffin/

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Article on Relevance of Free Software
by CK Raju 24 Jun '02

24 Jun '02

Friends, I would be grateful if someone could comment on the paper at http://business.vsnl.com/kalapila/socialrelevance.pdf . Regards, CK Raju

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MORE: Opening the open-source debate
by Frederick Noronha 24 Jun '02

24 Jun '02

URL : http://www.linux.org/news/opinion/skoll.html "Opening the Open-Source Debate" David F. Skoll, Roaring Penguin Software The [24]Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI) has finally published its [25]white paper entitled "Opening the Open Source Debate". My [26]earlier comments were based on media reports and e-mail correspondence with the paper's author. This document was written after I read the actual white paper. (The original link seems not to work; I managed to grab a copy of the paper before AdTI pulled it. [27]This link may work.) The AdTI's very weak and poorly-researched paper opens no debate. It simply confirms that Microsoft paid AdTI to come up with something---anything---to stem the growing adoption of open-source (especially GPL'd) software by business and government. Let's take a look at the paper in detail. I. In the Beginning Section I, "In the Beginning", gives an overview of proprietary vs. free software. It's reasonably accurate, although the author is given to rather ludicrous depictions of source code as a "secret formula" and a "map to a buried treasure." II. GPL Open Source: The Gift That Keeps Taking Section II is where Microsoft vents its anger. Take a look at this gem: The GPL is one of the most uniquely restrictive product agreements in the technology industry. Why does Microsoft... excuse me, the AdTI... say that? They say that because: The GPL requires that if its source code is used in any type of software product (commercial or non-commercial) for any reason, then the entire new product (also known as the derivative) becomes subject to terms of the GPL open source agreement. This is not quite true; if you do not distribute your derived product, then you do not need to distribute the source code. But for the most part, the statement is accurate. But so what? Suppose you derive a product from Microsoft Windows or some other proprietary code. Then you are breaking all kinds of license agreements. Furthermore, proprietary vendors would demand and get the rights to your derived product, leaving you with nothing. The GPL is no more restrictive than the most liberal of proprietary licenses, and a good deal less restrictive than most. So Microsoft's... excuse me, the AdTI's... complaints are groundless. Another quote: David Wheeler, publisher and expert in Washington on open source and proprietary source comments, without licensing the source code in a multi-license format, (referring to other more permissive licenses), it is impossible for GPL to work for a proprietary business model. Perhaps the AdTI misses the point. GPL advocates do not care if GPL'd software can be made to work in a proprietary business model. It's not our problem. There's no God-given right for proprietary software vendors to make money; they have to compete. And if the rules of the marketplace suddenly change and make it difficult for them, well---tough. Adapt or die. Don't moan. III. The Myth of a Public Software Community Section III attempts to debunk the "myth" of a public software community. The AdTI hints that open-source advocates abandon their principles when they smell money: Widespread support for GPL open source lies in the IT community's frustration with competitive, closed proprietary software. But in fact, it is quite common that programmers experiment with open source until they see an opportunity to capitalize on an idea, then embrace proprietary standards. One could joke that open source has been a bridesmaid but never a bride. The story of the web browser is an example of this reality. AdTI uses the story of Netscape "killing" the open-source Mosaic. Well, Mosaic was never GPL'd. If it had been, Netscape would have been unable to kill it. Furthermore, AdTI says of Mosaic: Through a commercial partner, Spyglass, NCSA began widely licensing Mosaic to computer companies including IBM, DEC, AT&T, and NEC. Conspicuously absent from AdTI's list is another licensee: Microsoft. Yes, Spyglass's browser formed the basis for Internet Explorer. And revealed here is Microsoft's reason to fear the GPL: It cannot make use of the work of thousands of dedicated programmers for free, locking the work up in a proprietary product. It did that with early versions of its TCP/IP stack, derived from the Berkeley stack. But as more free software is GPL'd, Microsoft's cherry-picking opportunities diminish. Isn't it sad? The AdTI never quite gets around to saying why the open-source community is a "myth". Apparently, the hundreds of collaborators who gave the world the Linux kernel are mythical. Perhaps the outstanding KDE desktop environment was written by unicorns. And one supposes that GNOME, another outstanding desktop environment, was produced by, well, gnomes. Apache---it's a myth. PHP---doesn't exist. Mozilla---pshaw. Even in my own modest software development, I've had contributions from dozens of people around the world to my software packages. I've had suggestions, fixes, enhancements and pieces of wisdom donated to me which would never have happened in a proprietary development environment. IV. The Government and the GPL This is where politicking gets into high gear. However, the use of the GPL has the potential to radically alter a very successful model for partnership, particularly when most large commercial entities do not readily embrace the GPL. Once again, the white paper is worried about "large commercial entities." Well, some large commercial entities like HP/Compaq, IBM, Dell and Sun are quite willing to use, produce and/or distribute GPL'd software. To those large commercial entities who wish to stop GPL'd software, I say:"Tough. Adapt or die." Needless to say, the government could not depend on patches for software glitches to wander in from the public. Likewise, the government could only use open source code that it could independently service in case of an emergency. Agencies without extensive staff to maintain its internal operations cannot afford to use hapless and untested software without accountability, warranties or liability. This is a complete red herring. Patches don't "wander in" from the public for open-source products. Rather, they come straight from the authors, or sometimes from distributors such as Red Hat. Furthermore, they tend to come in with a lot more alacrity than fixes from commercial vendors. With open-source, the government at least has an option to be able to "independently service" the software in case of emergency. With proprietary software, the government does not even have this choice. Therefore, the AdTI's objections on this ground are spurious. Another consideration for the U.S. government is that all source code developed under the GPL could have mirrored availability to the public. This poses unlimited security issues. AdTI loves this refrain, but has yet to prove it. In my [28]other article, I debunked the myth that source code availability necessarily introduces security issues, and demonstrated that in fact, it can often enhance security. I was interviewed by AdTI for my opinions on the matter; they neglected to include my comments in the paper. For example, if the Federal Aviation Agency were to develop an application (derived from open source) which controlled 747 flight patterns, a number of issues easily become national security questions such as: Would it be prudent for the FAA to use software that thousands of unknown programmers have intimate knowledge of for something this critical? Could the FAA take the chance that these unknown programmers have not shared the source code accidentally with the wrong parties? Would the FAA's decision to use software in the public domain invite computer hackers more readily than proprietary products? Again, a ludicrous example. No-one simply sits down and "develops" such an application by starting with free software. Even if the FAA did develop an open-source flight-control application, AdTI has not demonstrated at all that it would have significantly-different security issues than a closed-source one. Sure, AdTI asks a bunch of rhetorical questions. But that's not how one conducts a logical argument. So let's answer the rhetorical questions with some of our own: Would it be prudent for the FAA to use software that thousands of unknown programmers have intimate knowledge of for something this critical? Is it prudent for any federal agency to use Microsoft software, given that it is a matter of [29]public record that Russian hackers illegally broke into Microsoft's network and had access to source code? Is it prudent for any federal agency to use software which is not freely-available for peer review? Is it prudent for any federal agency to take the word of a proprietary vendor that its software is secure, given that the vendor is attempting to make a sale? Could the FAA take the chance that these unknown programmers have not shared the source code accidentally with the wrong parties? Will the FAA ban the use of Microsoft software, given that it is a certainty that Microsoft source code has been shared "accidentally with the wrong parties"? Would the FAA's decision to use software in the public domain invite computer hackers more readily than proprietary products? Will the AdTI comment on why proprietary Web servers seem to be cracked [30]far more often than open-source ones, even though they have smaller market share? Reverse Engineering Experts differ on whether the primary focus for security should source code or binary code. Andrew Sibre, a programmer with over twenty years of experiences insists, "Having a license for binaries only gives you a black box : you don't know what it's doing, or how, unless you want to go insane trying to reverse-engineer it with a debugger (illegal under the term of most licenses)" Having the source lets you see what it's doing, how it does it, and permits you to modify it to meet your particular requirements (including security related ones). To this extent, government officials should be concerned that threat may not just be an adversary cracking their system, but inadvertently educating adversaries about their security systems. Sibre continues, "Depending on code without the source is quite similar to depending on a complex mechanical or electronic system without the benefit of shop and parts manuals." Naturally, having access to source code eases reverse-engineering. However, the vast majority of security exploits are found without access to the source code. As I wrote to Ken Brown, the author of the report: The entire premise of computer security and encryption is as follows: A security system must be resistant to attack *even if* the attacker has all the details about how it works. I refer you to: "Applied Cryptography", Bruce Schneier, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, page 3: "All of the security in these algorithms is based on the key (or keys); none is based in the details of the algorithm. This means that the algorithm can be published and analyzed. Products using the algorithm can be mass-produced. It doesn't matter if an eavesdropper knows your algorithm; if she doesn't know your particular key, she can't read your messages." I refer you also to: "Practical UNIX and Internet Security", Simson Garfinkel and Gene Spafford, O'Reilly and Associates, pages 40-45: "... This is especially true if you should find yourself basing your security on the fact that something technical is unknown to your attackers. This concept can even hurt your security." I refer you to an Internet draft on security through obscurity: [31]http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ymbk-obscurity-00.txt A few more links on why security through obscurity does not work: [32]http://www.zdnet.com.au/developer/standards/story/0,2000011499,202 65619,00.htm [33]http://www.treachery.net/~jdyson/toorcon2001/ [34]http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram-0205.html [35]http://online.securityfocus.com/columnists/80 [36]http://www.vnunet.com/Analysis/1126488 Is Reverse-Engineering That Hard? Before I started Roaring Penguin Software Inc., I worked at [37]Chipworks, a company which does reverse-engineering for a living. From first-hand experience, I know that hardware and software security can be broken more easily than most vendors believe, and much more cheaply, too. Back-Doors Ken Brown raises the old back-door bogeyman: Another security concern is that the primary distribution channel for GPL open source is the Internet. As opposed to proprietary vendors, open source is freely downloaded. However, software in the public domain could contain a critical problem, a backdoor or worse, a dangerous virus. The following material is taken straight from my other article, where I already covered the back-door issue: In fact, there have been some trojans placed in open-source software. They have usually been discovered and neutralized very quickly. By contrast, closed-source products have a sad history of [38]spyware, [39]"Easter eggs", and [40]questionable material, placed by people who have (presumably) been "screened." In fact, one of Microsoft's own security updates was [41]infected with a virus, something which (to my knowledge) has never happened in the open-source world. An interesting back-door was one in Borland's closed-source [42]Interbase product. This back-door lay undetected for years, but was revealed within weeks of the product being open-sourced. And another interesting little "easter egg" is on the AdTI's [43]very own Web site. [44]Questionable material in Microsoft software may have helped spur a Peruvian bill to promote free software in government. The author of the bill [45]says that open-source software provides a better guarantee of "security of the State and citizens" than proprietary software, an analysis which is 180 degrees out of phase with the AdTI Study. The real "victims" of the GPL The government's productive alliance with private enterprise is also relevant particularly when its decision to use GPL source code would inherently turn away many of its traditional partners. Security, as well as other impracticalities make GPL open source very unattractive to companies concerned about intellectual property rights. In effect, the government's use of GPL source code could inevitably shut out the intellectual property based sector. The Government must choose software to maximize national security and minimize government expenditure. It owes absolutely nothing to the "IP-based sector" or any other corporation. What was it I said before? Oh, yes: "Tough. Adapt or die." This has a number of ramifications. Immediately, it would limit the number of qualified vendors to choose from to deliver products. Tough. Adapt or die. The GPL's wording also prevents the equal use of software by members of the IP community and the GPL open source community. This is a lie. If the "IP community" (whatever that is) respects the terms and conditions of the GPL, it's as free as anyone else to use and distribute GPL'd software. If it doesn't like the terms of the GPL, that's the "IP community's" problem, not the GPL's problem. A worse consideration is that use of GPL could inadvertently create legal problems. IP community members could argue that the government's choice of open source is restrictive and excludes taxpaying firms from taxpayer-funded projects. Adverse impact would include a discontinued flow of technology transfer from government-funded research to the technology sector. Without value, it becomes highly likely that government funding for research would slow as well. Here, AdTI is delivering a veiled threat on behalf of Microsoft. First of all, if "IP community members" could argue that, they already would have. They have not made the argument because they know it is specious. In fact, there's a very good argument for requiring the fruits of government-funded research to be GPL'd so that all citizens can benefit. Furthermore, the "IP community members" have benefited from government research as much as (or more than) government has benefited from private research. So to pull out of government partnerships out of pique over software licensing would only hurt proprietary vendors and no-one else. V. Intellectual Property Left This is a rewording of "Free Software is Communism" and merits about the same amount of serious attention. U.S. intellectual property (IP) statutes have been a beacon for inventors around the world. The U.S. model for motivating, compensating and protecting innovators has been successful for almost 200 years. GPL source code directly competes with the intellectual property restrictions, thus it is vital to analyze its impact. The GPL does not in any way "compete" with U.S. copyright law. It uses U.S. copyright law in a perfectly legitimate and reasonable way. There are two groups of programmers that contribute to the open source community. The first group consists of professionally hired programmers by day, who freely contribute code. The second group consists of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) that are hiring open source programmers for their products. However, open source principally perpetuates itself because there is an avid pool of experts and enthusiasts willing to spend their spare time to provide fixes and modifications to open-source software. This volunteer system works well as an academic model, but not as a business one. Who cares about business models? We have Linux, Apache, Mozilla, Gnome, KDE, Perl, Python, PHP, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and so on in spite of the supposed lack of a business model. What we see here is more whining from proprietary vendors about how free software is hurting their business model. Let's hear the refrain: "Tough. Adapt or die." As mentioned earlier, open source code is not guaranteed nor does it come with a warranty. Neither does most proprietary software, so this is a red herring. If you want a warranty, most open-source vendors will be happy to provide one if you pay for it. Open source products are often distributed without manuals, instructions or technical information. While a commercial developer is obligated to produce manuals, diagrams and information detailing the functionality of their products, open source programmers are not. In addition, open source developers cannot be expected to create software manuals with the vigor of private firms that are obligated to produce them. Producing technical specifications (in soft or hard copy format) is time-intensive and expensive. But this is not just a customer service issue. Some open-source software comes with poor documentation, just like some proprietary software. Other free software comes with excellent documentation. It's a matter of customer choice: Choose software that has what you need. All of my free software products come with complete manual pages. Most serious developers do not consider software finished until the manuals are finished. Innumerable questions surround the distribution of technical information in the copyleft environment, particularly because the Free Software Foundation has a copyleft license for its documentation as well. Issues include: Who should have the right to alter software manuals? Who is the final editor or is there one? How should changes be regulated? Are manuals copyright protected documents? What is the process for making changes? What body regulates these changes? How can organizations guarantee that information in manuals is always accurate? More rhetorical questions. With proprietary software, if the manuals are inaccurate, you're out of luck. With free software, you at least have a chance to correct them. Again, we see the unease of the proprietary vendors who want bodies to "regulate" changes. They are unable to wrap their minds around the new reality of free software. Rather than changing their ways, they dig in their heels. They may need another reminder: Tough. Adapt or die. Today, software impacts a firm's financial health in an intimate fashion. It becomes unrealistic for a firm to depend too much on the trust of an anonymous community that does not have anything at stake financially to keep important technical documents current. On the contrary, it is imperative that businesses rely solely on free software for access to critical information. Only in this way can they guarantee access to their data, and not be held hostage by proprietary file formats and proprietary vendors. To quote Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nunez, a Peruvian legislator: To guarantee the free access of citizens to public information, it is indispensable that the encoding of data is not tied to a single provider. The use of standard and open formats gives a guarantee of this free access, if necessary through the creation of compatible free software. To guarantee the permanence of public data, it is necessary that the usability and maintenance of the software does not depend on the goodwill of the suppliers, or on the monopoly conditions imposed by them. For this reason the State needs systems the development of which can be guaranteed due to the availability of the source code. To guarantee national security or the security of the State, it is indispensable to be able to rely on systems without elements which allow control from a distance or the undesired transmission of information to third parties. Systems with source code freely accessible to the public are required to allow their inspection by the State itself, by the citizens, and by a large number of independent experts throughout the world. Our proposal brings further security, since the knowledge of the source code will eliminate the growing number of programs with *spy code*. In the same way, our proposal strengthens the security of the citizens, both in their role as legitimate owners of information managed by the state, and in their role as consumers. In this second case, by allowing the growth of a widespread availability of free software not containing *spy code* able to put at risk privacy and individual freedoms. In fact, Villanueva's [46]eloquent and well-written letter handily demolishes most of AdTI's premises and conclusions; it's well worth a read. More on Reverse Engineering The reliance on reverse engineering is probably one of the biggest conflicts between the IP and the GPL open source community. To keep GPL products relevant and up to date, GPL enthusiasts must perpetually reverse engineer intellectual property. Reverse-engineering is required only if hardware manufacturers keep the details of their software/hardware interfaces secret. The vast majority of hardware manufacturers do not keep them secret. Some which do keep them secret provide (binary-only) drivers for free software systems. Reverse-engineering is necessary only for the small minority of hardware devices which are secret. Reverse engineering has a number of implications. It harbors very close to IP infringement because and has staggering economic implications. Reverse-engineering is perfectly legal. In fact, the European Union has a law guaranteeing the legality of reverse-engineering for the purpose of creating compatible software or devices. AdTI implies that reverse-engineering is "close to IP infringement", but they never say why (and their sentence doesn't even parse.) If software is freely re-engineered, it will inevitably impact the value of software on the market. If the price of software is adversely impacted, salaries and inevitably employment of software programmers would be negatively affected as well. This is correct. If software is freely re-engineered, it destroys monopolies and brings back a sense of free market to the industry. Yes, software prices go down. And yes, consumers benefit. The whole paragraph is simply a thinly-hidden Microsoft lament about the success of products like Samba which enable companies to run Microsoft-compatible file sharing without exorbitant Microsoft licensing fees. VI. Is the GPL Cost-Beneficial? This is a restatement of the tired old "TCO" straw-man. Discussing the economic implications of open source, Andre Carter, President of Irimi Corporation, a technology consulting firm in Washington comments, "The question of open source code is about whether the software developer wants to make available to the world the blueprint of what they built or simply the benefits of what they built. The notion of open source software has nothing to do with free software. The purchase price of computer software is only a fraction of the total cost of ownership. So even if the price tag reads free , it can end up being more expensive than software you buy. This is especially true for the typical consumer. If it requires technical know-how to operate, doesn't offer built-in support, and demands constant attention, it won't feel free for very long." Lot's of "if's" and weasel-words in there. If it requires technical know-how to operate, etc, etc. Nowhere does Carter say that free software does in fact require any more technical know-how than proprietary software. Furthermore, proprietary software often has [47]hidden costs which can come back later to haunt you. The success of an A-Z open source environment would expectedly impact the software sector as a viable entity. If software is freely available, but PC s, servers and hardware maintain their value, we can only predict that the value of software companies will plummet. Hardware will come with more and more free software. Second, we can only expect that the revenues and value of the software sector will transfer to the hardware sector. Although the software sector has seen growth almost every year, it is questionable whether the GPL model will enable the software industry to continue its exceptional growth particularly when the growth in the software sector is tied to proprietary products, something the GPL is anxious to eliminate. In the 1800's, black-smithing was a pretty good profession. In the 1960's and 1970's, 8-track tapes did a pretty good business. The fact is that the black-smith industry and the 8-track tape industry failed to heed the iron rule of the market: Adapt or die. If free software means the death of proprietary software vendors, it will be on those vendors heads who fail to adapt. Businesses must be concerned about the perception of the GPL. For example, experts assess the value of intellectual property when completing valuations of firms. Because GPL open source literally erases the proprietary and trade secret value of software, it can be expected that firms concerned about valuations will be very concerned about using GPL open source. This is only of concern to firms producing software. The vast majority of firms consume software, and for them, in-house software production is a cost, not a revenue source. For the vast majority of firms, free software will save them lots of money. For those few firms planning on building a business model around proprietary software, I offer my old refrain: Adapt or die. What's good for proprietary software vendors is not necessarily good for the citizen. There are all types of consumers with ranges of needs and abilities. The guys in the lab at MIT don't need install wizards, plug and play drivers, voice based technical support and big picture manuals as part of their software. However, the elderly couple e-mailing their grandkids or the mother of two managing accounts on a PC in the kitchen does. Carter clearly has a stereotyped view of consumers. My elderly parents, who enjoy e-mailing their grandkids, use only free software. They are quite happy to use Linux and Netscape. Furthermore, the choice of free software eases my support burden: If my parents need help, I can SSH into their machine and fix it remotely. With all of Microsoft's "wizards" and other gimmicks, they still do not provide a convenient means for remote administration on their consumer-level systems. People believe free software is hard to use because they've never used it. Just as the AdTI showed that people who've actually worked with MCSE's have a higher opinion of them than people who haven't, people who've actually bothered to use free software have a higher opinion of it than people who haven't. VII. GPL Open Source and the Courts Once GPL code is combined with another type of source code, the entire product is GPL. Subsequently, this change could occur deliberately, but it could also occur accidentally. There are unlimited scenarios for accidents to occur, the license could be lost in the source code's distribution, or maybe unreadable due to a glitch in its electronic distribution. Another potentially litigious issue is whether the use of GPL tools used to manipulate code subject software to the GPL. Theoretically, a GPL tool could subject new software to GPL restrictions. This too will have to be interpreted by a judge. Regardless, unknowing users of GPL might have one intention for use of the license and find out later that it inadvertently infringed upon copyright protected work. Legal questions relevant to such an event intersect the legal arenas of intellectual property rights, contract law and liability. AdTI is very good at offering up red herrings. Let's suppose you "accidentally" included part of Microsoft Windows in a product. Do you suppose Microsoft would be easier on you than copyright holders of a GPL'd product? The fact is that any software license has terms and conditions which must be obeyed. The GPL is no different; if you do not like its terms, don't use GPL'd software. Microsoft's agenda is transparent here. The proprietary software industry entreats you to diligently track licenses, and offers [48]harsh retribution against those who violate their licenses. Most GPL violations are settled amicably, and those which result from an accident are usually settled merely by removing the offending code from distribution. The rest of Section VII is simply speculation and not even worth commenting on. VIII Conclusion Open source as a development model is helpful to the software industry. For example, software distributed under the BSD license is very popular. The BSD license (see Appendix 9) enables companies, independent developers and the academic community to fluidly exchange software source code. English translation: The BSD license is good because it allows corporations to benefit from other people's work without offering them any compensation, and without having to allow third parties to benefit from derived work. The GPL's resistance to commonplace exchange of open source and proprietary has the potential to negatively impact the research and development budgets of companies. English translation: The GPL doesn't let corporations benefit for free from others' work. The GPL has many risks, but the greatest is its threat to the cooperation between different parties who collaborate and create new technologies. Today, government, commercial enterprise, academicians, etc. have a system to converge. Conversely, the GPL represents divergence; proposing to remove the current infrastructure of intellectual property rights, enforceable protection and economic incentive. English translation: The GPL threatens Microsoft's business model. You know my response by now: Tough. Adapt or die. While GPL advocates are quite active in their promotion of copyleft, few would disagree that its widespread adoption would present a radical change to an industry sector responsible for almost 350 billion dollars in sales annually worldwide (see Appendix 10). Few would disagree that the automobile all but wiped out blacksmithing as a profession. Few could argue that cassettes didn't decimate the 8-track market. Few would be surprised at my response: Tough. Adapt or die. AdTI's Numbered Points and my Counterpoints 1- Engineering software has become considerably complicated and rigorous. It is not unusual for software to include millions of lines of source code. If the incentive to develop software is changed, we can subsequently expect the quality and efficiency of software to change. Yes, with luck, we'd expect the quality to improve. The security records of systems like OpenBSD, Linux, and FreeBSD are vastly superior to that of Windows. While there is no real cause-and-effect relationship, empirical evidence suggests that open-source software is more reliable and of higher quality than most commercial-grade proprietary software. 2- There remains considerable differences within the GPL open source community. It is questionable whether these groups will continue to be proponents of the GPL in its current form or opt for changes in the immediate future. Even if true, this point is irrelevant. Once software has been licensed under the GPL, the license cannot be retracted. Your rights cannot be withdrawn retroactively (unless you violate the license), unlike some proprietary software licenses. 3- Open source has successfully been used in proprietary software. In addition, academic and government projects have been successful particularly because of commercial interest. Private enterprise offers unique efficiencies for the success of government funded research. Simply another attack on the GPL. Nothing worth reading; let's move on. 4- Open source GPL use by government agencies could easily become a national security concern. Government use of software in the public domain is exceptionally risky. A bold assertion, and totally unproven. This assertion is contradicted by empirical evidence. Also, the NSA seems quite [49]comfortable with the security of GPL'd software. 5- Reverse engineering, perpetuated by GPL proponents, threatens not only the owners of intellectual property, but also the software industry itself. This is an out-and-out lie. Reverse-engineering is critical for the continuation of a healthy software industry. Without legitimate reverse-engineering, there would be no market forces to oppose the development and maintenance of monopolies, and the software market would become even more unfair than it is today. Attempts to ban reverse-engineering are simply money-grabs by greedy monopolies who wish to hang on to their power. 6- Use of GPL open source creates a number of economic concerns for firms. For example, the valuation of a software company could be significantly effected if it uses source code licensed under the GPL for the development of its products. If that is of concern (and it is not for the vast majority of corporations), then the corporation is perfectly free not to use GPL'd software. Using proprietary software for development of products can also significantly lower a company's valuation, especially if the owner of the original proprietary software demands royalties or part-ownership of the resulting IP. 7- The courts have yet to weigh in on the General Public License. Without legal interpretation, the use of the GPL could be perilous to users in a number of scenarios. If corporations have concerns about legal interpretations of the GPL, they should consult qualified lawyers. IBM, for example, has a massive and top-notch legal team, and they seem to have no qualms about using, creating and distributing GPL'd software. If the AdTI would give us concrete examples of legal concerns, we could discuss them, but as it is, all we are given is conjecture, hand-waving and supposition. Roaring Penguin's Conclusions The AdTI claimed that the GPL is "acquisitive", yet fails to note that even the most liberal of proprietary licenses is far more restrictive and places far more encumbrances on derived products than the GPL (if, in fact, it even permits derived products in the first place.) The AdTI says that the free software community is a "myth", but fails to explain the tens of millions of lines of high-quality code produced by this mythical community. The AdTI promised to show how using GPL'd software could threaten security, but failed to deliver. Rather, Microsoft's own Jim Allchin admitted under oath that flaws in Microsoft software, if disclosed, could [50]endanger national security. The AdTI claims that free software damages members of the "IP community" (by which it means proprietary software vendors), but then fails to show how such damage occurs. Even if free software does damage proprietary software vendors, AdTI fails to show why that is a bad thing for citizens in general. AdTI raises the hoary old "Total Cost of Ownership" issue, but does not demonstrate that proprietary software is more cost effective. AdTI ignores studies like the one from [51]CyberSource or even Roaring Penguin's own case studies in [52]Free Software in the Real World. The entire AdTI study is a commercial funded by Microsoft, whose sole aim is to counter the growing adoption of GPL'd software. The report contains nothing constructive or useful. It is a sham. _________________________________________________________________ Other press, commentary and related links: * [53]MS-funded think tank propagates open-source lies, The Register. * [54]Dispelling Myths About the GPL and Free Software by John Viega and Bob Fleck. A somewhat more dispassionate rebuttal of the AdTI paper. * [55]A Business Case Study of Open Source Software by Carolyn Kenwood, The Mitre Corporation. * [56]Analysis: Microsoft vs. open source battle gets political, InfoWorld. * [57]Windows NT Cripples US Navy Cruiser, INFOsec.com _________________________________________________________________ Article Copyright � 2002 David F. Skoll The original article can be found at Roaring Penguin's website: [58]"http://www.roaringpenguin.com/adti2.php3 --------------- Maintained by: [59]Webmaster, Linux Online Inc. Last modified: 13-Jun-2002 08:10AM. Views since 16-Aug-2000: 2646. Material copyright [60]Linux Online Inc. Design and compilation copyright �1994-2002 [61]Linux Online Inc. All rights reserved. References Visible links 1. http://www.linux.org/index.html 2. http://www.linux.org/perl-bin/invoke?obj=BOVINE32&stamp=403D6492271606FE0F1… 3. http://www.linux.org/services/directory.html 4. http://www.linux.org/user/signup.html 5. http://www.linux.org/apps/index.html 6. http://www.linux.org/docs/index.html 7. http://www.linux.org/dist/index.html 8. http://www.linux.org/dist/download_info.html 9. http://www.linux.org/hardware/index.html 10. http://www.linux.org/info/index.html 11. http://www.linux.org/lessons/ 12. http://www.linux.org/projects/index.html 13. http://www.linux.org/news/index.html 14. http://www.linux.org/perl-bin/invoke?obj=AMAZON26&stamp=403D2292271699FE0F1… 15. http://www.linux.org/books/index.html 16. http://www.linux.org/people/index.html 17. http://www.linux.org/groups/index.html 18. http://www.linux.org/vendors/index.html 19. http://www.linux.org/perl-bin/invoke?obj=PENGAFF03A&stamp=403D5492271656FE0… 20. http://www.linux.org/events/index.html 21. http://www.linux.org/about/index.html 22. http://www.linux.org/index.html 23. http://www.linux.org/books/FEATURE_0201719347.html 24. http://www.linux.org/redir.php3?http://www.adti.net/ 25. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/opensource_whitepaper.pdf 26. http://www.linux.org/news/opinion/adti.php3 27. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/old_opensource_whitepaper.pdf 28. http://www.linux.org/news/opinion/adti.php3 29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/business/newsid_993000/993933.stm 30. http://defaced.alldas.org/?archives=os 31. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ymbk-obscurity-00.txt 32. http://www.zdnet.com.au/developer/standards/story/0,2000011499,20265619,00.… 33. http://www.treachery.net/~jdyson/toorcon2001/ 34. http://www.counterpane.com/crypto-gram-0205.html 35. http://online.securityfocus.com/columnists/80 36. http://www.vnunet.com/Analysis/1126488 37. http://www.chipworks.com/ 38. http://www.accs-net.com/smallfish/advw.htm 39. http://www.eeggs.com/tree/153.html 40. http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/review/crh062.htm 41. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/8/18516.html 42. http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2001-01.html 43. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/samir_dec_23_2001/pages/ 44. http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?99093.enbackdoor2.htm 45. http://linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2002-05-06-012-26-OS-SM-LL 46. http://linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2002-05-06-012-26-OS-SM-LL 47. http://stay-legal.org/ 48. http://stay-legal.org/ 49. http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/ 50. http://www.eweek.com/article/0,3658,s%253D701%2526a%253D26875,00.asp 51. http://www.cyber.com.au/cyber/about/linux_vs_windows_tco_comparison.pdf 52. http://www.linux.org/news/opinion/slides/innovatech.pdf 53. http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/4/25656.html 54. http://www.zork.org/rebuttal.pdf 55. http://www.mitre.org/support/papers/tech_papers_01/kenwood_software/index.s… 56. http://www.infoworld.com/articles/hn/xml/02/06/10/020610hnopensource.xml 57. http://www.info-sec.com/OSsec/OSsec_080498g_j.shtml 58. http://www.roaringpenguin.com/adti2.php3 59. mailto:webmaster@linux.org 60. http://www.linux.org/about/copyright.html 61. http://www.linux.org/about/copyright.html Hidden links: 62. mailto:trapper@linux.org?subject=DONOTSENDEMAILHERE

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Open source software may offer target to terrorists
by Frederick Noronha 24 Jun '02

24 Jun '02

'Terrorists', the latest mantra for anybody who doesn't like anybody else? See the rebuttal to this paper which follows separately. FN http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/opensource_pressrelease_05_30_2002.h… Navigation Bar Purchase the AdTI white paper, [1]Opening the Open Source Debate Thursday May 30, 12:29 pm Eastern Time Press Release SOURCE: Alexis de Tocqueville Institution Open Source Software May Offer Target for Terrorists, According to Study by Alexis de Tocqueville Institution's Committee for the Common Defense WASHINGTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--May 30, 2002--Terrorists trying to hack or disrupt U.S. computer networks might find it easier if the federal government attempts to switch to "open source" as some groups propose. "Opening the Open Source Debate", a soon to be released white paper by Alexis de Tocqueville Institution details the complex issues surrounding open source, particularly if federal agencies such as the Department of Defense or the Federal Aviation Administration use software that inherently requires that its blueprints, source code and architecture is made widely available to any person interested - without discretion. In a paper to be released next week, the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution outlines how open source might facilitate efforts to disrupt or sabotage electronic commerce, air traffic control or even sensitive surveillance systems. Unlike proprietary software, open source software does not make the underlying code of a software confidential. "Computer systems are the backbone of U.S. national security", says Fossedal, chairman of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution and its Committee for the Common Defense, which will release the study. "Before the Pentagon and other federal agencies make uninformed decision to alter the very foundation of computer security, they should study the potential consequences carefully." Contact: Alexis de Tocqueville Institution Ken Brown, 202/548-0006 [2]kenbrown(a)adti.net [3]www.adti.net Purchase the AdTI white paper, [4]Opening the Open Source Debate [5]Home | [6]Search | [7]Opportunity Africa | [8]Archive | [9]Democracy China | [10]Communications | [11]Cuba | [12]Defense | [13]Education Reform | [14]Environment | [15]Immigration | [16]Intellectual Property | [17]Publications | [18]International Monetary Fund | [19]Democracy Switzerland | [20]Taxes and Regulation | [21]Technology | [22]United Nations | References 1. http://www.adti.net/cgi-local/SoftCart.100.exe/online-store/scstore/p-brown… 2. mailto:kenbrown@adti.net 3. http://www.adti.net/ 4. http://www.adti.net/cgi-local/SoftCart.100.exe/online-store/scstore/p-brown… 5. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../index.html 6. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../searchadti.html 7. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-africa.html 8. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../gw-archive.html 9. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-china.html 10. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../gw-telecom.html 11. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-cuba2.html 12. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-defense.html 13. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-education.html 14. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-environment.html 15. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-immigration.html 16. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-intellprop.html 17. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../shopping_cart/publications.html 18. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-intmonfund.html 19. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-demswiss.html 20. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-taxreg.html 21. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../../gw-technology.html 22. http://www.adti.net/html_files/defense/../../gw-unitednations.html

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Re: Library software...
by Frederick Noronha 23 Jun '02

23 Jun '02

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FEATURE: Simputer close to finish-line, looksout for right software
by Frederick Noronha 23 Jun '02

23 Jun '02

Simputer gets close to finish-line, on lookout for the right software By Frederick Noronha PANAJI (Goa), June 24: Indian computer scientists and technologists are close to the finish-line for completing an ambitious project of making a "commonman's computer". But much of their chances for success depend on being able to find sufficient buyers and create useful applications. Called the 'Simputer', this low-priced but versatile computing device is to be priced at between Rs 10,500 to Rs 23,000 -- depending on the computing power made available in different models. "We expect (Goa-based modem and motherboard manufacturer) D-Link to produce Simputers in quantity in a few months time," announced Encore Software chairman and CEO Vinay L Deshpande, speaking to businessmen and software enthusiasts at a Goa Chambers of Commerce and Industry, here. This was followed by an interaction with the local LUG, or Linux Users' Group. The Simputer has caught the attention of the nation, and many overseas too, because it promises to take computing to the commonman. Not just because of its lower price but also because of its promise to be usable even by an illiterate using its text-to-speech conversion capabilities. In the year 2001, the Simputer project raced past products like Apple's slick new IPAC computers and Windows XP to be selected as the New York Times' technology selections. "We have so far focussed on getting the Simputer into people's hands. Now we have the Simputer software development toolkit ready," says Deshpande. On the ncoretech.com site, a small under 200-kilobytes package enables any software developer with the skills to launch into developing their own 'apps' (or applications) to make the Simputer an even more powerful tool. Many of the current Simputer applications -- particularly the PIMs (personal information-manager software) -- are not as feature-loaded as could have been. These are basically to demonstrate the capabilities of the Simputer, admits Deshpande. Mass-production, though some months behind deadline, is possibly shortly and prototypes are already doing the rounds. Much now depends on whether there are sufficient numbers of buyers to reduce the cost of the product. Simputer is finding itself a number of different application, ranging from sending e-mail to playing MP3 music files and video clippings, billing applications, rural banking, Indian language solutions, e-education, e-governance, small business accounting, insurance policy advisor, etc. "Simputer could also be adapted to high-end uses, like FedEx-type document tracking (e-logistics), sales automation or as a tool for the visually impaired in combination with a low-cost video camera and optical character recognition software. We got a suggestion for this from Italy," says Deshpande. Using the GNU/Linux model of software developing, the 'specs' (specifications) are thrown up, and anyone interested can create software required. This could either be put out for free for all users, or priced. One text-to-speech software (that converts the written-word into speech, helping illiterates) is a priced product. But it is an improvement on the earlier design, and allows the 'text' to be read out in a man's voice, or a woman's or child's. One could even adapt the pitch of the voice. "Currently we have about 100-150 Simputers in operation. By August, there should be 1000-1500. This would help further development (of software). Several hundred software developers have also downloaded the toolkit," says Deshpande. Being a GNU/Linux based project -- modeled on a non-proprietorial form of 'free' software production -- this product too depends a lot on volunteers lending their skills to develop applications. 'Free' software does not mean that all come without a price; some could be free, others could be priced. But the prices of the software are expected to be reasonable. "Since this is a Rs 10,000 product, you can't expect to sell software at Rs 5,000. We expect most applications would cost between Rs 25 to 100 each (with a few more comprehensive ones costlier). Money would be made on the volumes sold," said Deshpande. This product uses a GTK-based toolkit, and Java could also be used for programming. Deshpande says large software conglomerates like Microsoft had shown a keen interest in porting the Simputer to their products, but this had been "so far resisted" as the project is based on the 'open source' software model of volunteers collaboratively building solutions. Interestingly, even the Simputer's hardware design is 'open source'. Anyone can download this from the Internet, and implement it for 'personal use'. But anyone wanting to go in for 'commercial' production and sale of the Simputers has to pay a one-time licence fee of US$25,000 for the developing world and ten times that sum for the developed world. There is an unusual twist to this too -- anyone innovating on the Simputer design gets a monopoly over that improved design for a year of commercial production, after which the innovation has to itself be put out in public domain. This rewards innovation and also keeps the door open for further design-improvements evolving. This is perhaps the first product internationally that has gone in for an 'open' design model, which has so far been mainly used in the software world, quite successfully. Deshpande said interest was being evinced in the Simputer from countries as far apart as Morocco, Singapore, Nigeria, Brazil and elsewhere. (ENDS) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- SIMPUTER LINKS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Simputer www.simputer.org Simputer Mailing List www.groups.yahoo.com/group/simputer/ PicoPeta www.picopeta.com Swami Manohar manohar(a)picopeta.com Vinay L Deshpande vinay(a)ncoretech.com NCoreTech www.ncoretech.com (Simputer developer kit here) ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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Library software...
by Frederick Noronha 23 Jun '02

23 Jun '02

Below is something I had written some time back. Unfortunately, like many good projects, the young men involved seem to have got busy with their working lives, after finishing college. Perhaps it would help if, after putting in so much work, such initiatives could be taken up in the spirit of free-software/open-source. Unless efforts are made to involve bigger teams of people... it won't happen. FN On Sat, 22 Jun 2002 fsf-friends-request(a)mm.gnu.org.in wrote: > From: "r_sreekumar " <r_sreekumar(a)rediffmail.com> > hello > we are looking for a library software (GPL) for my college > library. plese inform if anybody have any information. > sreekumar LIBRARIANS GET HELP FROM UNEXPECTED QUARTERS, AS STUDENTS WRITE USEFUL SOFTWARE By Frederick Noronha GOA, May 27, 2001 -- Librarians could get the smile back on their faces, thanks to the initiative of three young engineering students from Goa who have put together a software package that takes the monotony out of managing thousands of books that cross their counter. Gaurav Priyolkar, Sharmad Naik and Hiren Lodhiya (all 21) of the Verna-based Padre Conceisao College of Engineering have put together the library management software, which they hope will soon be utilised in their own institution. What's more, since the package is based on the 'Open Source' Linux-based approach to writing software, it will be freely distributed to anyone else wanting to use it. In contrast commercially-produced software products doing similar tasks costs lakhs of rupees. Gaurav, Sharmad and Hiren are all final year computer engineering students, and undertook this challenge as part of their project. "This software will be kept in Open Source (its 'source code' will be available to anyone wanting to implement or improve the product). It could be utilised by anyone who needs it or finds it useful," Gaurav told this correspondent. Unlike other available software, this still-unnamed product is capable of handling library-member records, fines collected, invoices and even report generation. Books and libraries being at the heart of the information-collecting process, if found useful, it could play a useful role in helping libraries be more professionally run. Librarians would now perhaps not have an excuse that a suitable software is not available for the computerisation of their operations. This software means there are no bulky paper card-catalogues, fines don't have to be laboriously calculated, you don't need thick books or files containing records of all members, and you can get 'reports' of various library operations in a matter of seconds. Hiren -- who along with his two other colleagues first encountered the alternate Open Source GNU-Linux operating system barely a year back -- says: "When we started, we never thought we would reach this far." His colleague Sharmad has been making frequent trips to the nearby Indian software Mecca of Bangalore, to get a better grasp of Linux-related concepts. Smiling, he says: "Some projects of other students shrunk along the way. Ours grew vastly (and became even more ambitious)." The trio spent two months putting together what ended up as a fairly big project. "Any database with 20 tables is an impressive size for a project. Our has some 84 tables," says Hiren. Linux, an Open Source means of writing software which implies collaborative functioning and the free sharing of knowledge by those working on such projects, is gaining popularity among young Indian developers. These young engineers say they gained immsense help from international mailing-lists that proved very helpful in sorting out their difficulties, via the Internet. "We were very happy when one day, we noticed a bug in PHP," says Hiren, explaining how the collaborative style of writing Open Source software helps all to gain from the shared knowledge. "Now our hearts are into this project," says Hiren. They expect their own Goa-based college to implement the software in its library probably. "We want to keep the source-code open so that any future batch can continue to work on improvements and enhance the potential of this software further," says Hiren. "Any other library can also get the benefit of using it." In writing the project, they sought help from libraries at the Goa-based National Institute of Oceanography and the Goa University. Gaurav explains that the software allows any library-user to log-in either as a member of the general public, a library member, or a staff-member. Each one using the software has certain priviledges, depending on his or her category. Library members, for instance, can search for books or make a request that a book be reserved for them. Library-staff, on the other hand, can look after the issue, return or renewal of books. Some staff are entitled to add new members or 'change their profile'. Other staffers -- like the acquisition clerk -- can place orders for new books, make invoices, or physically locate the books on the shelves upon their arrival. On the other hand, the 'administrator' gets overall charge, and can get a number of useful statistics on pressing a button. He can find out the daily inflow of readers, fines collected, or the members defaulting on the return of their books. "If a book you want is not available, you are asked if you want to reserve it. One major problem is that some people keep renewing books and hogging it for themselves. Under this computerised system, it will not be allowed once there is a reservation pending," explains Gaurav. In addition, all transactions (books borrowed, etc) will be intimated to members by an automatically-generated e-mail message. The young engineers who worked on this project say equivalent commercial softwares cost between Rs 5 to 10 lakh. They were all praise for Goa University's computer science department head Prof Gurunandan Bhat, an Open Source and Linux enthusiast, who encouraged them to undertake this potentially-useful project. Its running platform is Linux, it uses a Postgres database, the webserver is Apache, its scripting languages are PHP and Perl, and its front-end can be any web-browser, making it easy for any end-user. (ENDS) **************************************************************************

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Query about Karnataka...
by Frederick Noronha 18 Jun '02

18 Jun '02

Would anyone know of any links to find out more about this story? Pls send a copy of your reply also to Graham Seaman <graham(a)seul.org> Thank you very much, FN (Frederick Noronha) ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Topic - Open Source - - By Jack Bryar - Over the past few weeks, a new type of trade war has been brewing in a number of smaller, poorer countries around the world. Country after country has begun to evaluate whether to mandate Open Source software for government agencies and schools. Microsoft has fought back with its own form of free programs. However, countries comparing Open Source to Microsoft programs are considering a lot of other factors completely unrelated to the technical merits of the two platforms. It has been said that if Linux and Open Source were going to triumph anywhere, the first big successes would happen in the Third World. Cash-strapped countries looking for ways to declare their technical independence would be deeply tempted by the price point and technical promise of Open Source software. In recent weeks, NewsForge reporters have mentioned the growing interest in Linux by government agencies in places such as Peru and Argentina. This week, the Indian state of Karnataka announced it was looking at mandating Open Source in its public sector. Microsoft has been fighting back. In a number of countries, it has rapidly expanded giveaway programs, especially to schools in the poorest parts of Africa and Asia. This week, Microsoft announced it had signed an agreement with the South African government to give all the schools in that country free access to a selection of the company's software. It was a controversial decision in that country, but not necessarily because of any technical considerations. Increasingly, as cash-strapped public agencies in other Third World countries struggle to determine the best choice, they may find their decision process has become complicated by a variety of political and ideological issues. Both South Africa and India's Karnataka state are good examples of other considerations overwhelming the technical issues. South Africa's decision involved a mix of financial, technical and, above all else, political decisions. On the face of it, the decision was fairly straightforward. According to South Africa's Finance Minister Kader Asmal, an agreement this week gave South Africa's schools free access to a variety of Microsoft's essential programs, including Windows 2000 Server, Office, Visual Studio, and Encarta among others. The deal represented potential savings exceeding $100 million, according to the deal's defenders. However, critics have charged that the deal was little more than a tactic to kill the Open Source software movement in the country. When South African President Thabo Mbeki first announced Microsoft's offer, it appeared to short-circuit several regional initiatives. By far the most important of these local programs was a provincial pilot program called Gauteng Online. This program was an ambitious, public/private program that proposed to equip each of that province's 2,500 schools with a minimum of 25 computers each. The program expected to do more than simply provide an inexpensive tool for students to surf the Internet, however. Among its objectives was teaching programming skills and developing the province as an IT center. Prior to Mbeki's announcement, the program was evaluating a mix of Linux and Microsoft platforms. When Education Minister Kader Asmal signed the agreement with Microsoft, Open Source critics charged he was killing off any chance for South Africa to develop an independent software industry in exchange for a three-year software license. They pointed out that the agreement flew in the face of a recommendation by the government's National Advisory Committee to deploy Open Source products in all state organizations. The Mbeki government and Microsoft have asserted that they "expect" that the license will be renewed without any costs three years from now, and that this arrangement may continue indefinitely, although there is no hard agreement to this effect. Is the agreement worth it? Local defenders claim that not all alternatives to Microsoft were practical alternatives. For one thing, government officials have learned that Open Source is not necessarily "free," an important distinction in countries where resources are extremely scarce. Further, defenders claim that products and services advertised as Open Source don't always seem to be that open, either. For example, a messaging and collaboration alternative to Microsoft Exchange called WeMeeting turned out to be "Open Source" only in the sense that source code was available to purchasers of seats in blocks of 100 and at a price of close to $40,000 per block. However, local observers in the South African press suggest that technical considerations played only a small part in the decision process. Just as significant is South Africa's emerging role as a local power, and as a financial center in the continent. South Africa has one of the most dynamic financial sectors on the continent, and one of the most advanced. Nearly 30% of the country's banking customers bank via the Internet. It is also a financial conduit for outside investors looking for investment opportunities on the continent. These observers suggest that Microsoft has acted as a corporate "good citizen" in many African countries. They argue that the company has been seen as an important corporate advocate on behalf of emerging African countries trying to shake off reputations for corruption and instability as they attempt to attract foreign capital. Microsoft has been particularly active in a program called the New Partnership for Africa's Development. Nicknamed NEPAD, the program has been the centerpiece of Southern Africa's campaign to attract massive investment and technical resources for that country and its neighbors. Such advocacy, combined with the no-cost software, made it hard for the Mbeki government to turn down Microsoft's offer. Meanwhile, the decision by Karnataka to explore Open Source appears to be just as political. While located within the Third World, Karnataka is no backwater. It is home to the tech hub city of Bangalore. It contains a population roughly the size of France, and it features a profitable electronics and I.T. industry. Its National Informatics Center is among the most influential organizations in the state. In fact, Karnataka may be the only state government anywhere in the world with its own Ministry of I.T. and Biotechnology. The head of that ministry, Professor B.K. Chandrashekar, is leading the initiative that would mandate Open Source as part of Kanataka's "e-Governance" initiative. Again, the decision to support Open Source can be, and has been, defended on technical grounds, but political and ideological concerns are definitely part of the mix here as well. Defenders of the Linux initiative suggest that the state is simply trying to reduce costs and support local initiatives such as the "Simputer" a primitive PDA/"Community Digital Assistant" made in Bangalore and regarded as Linux based. However, other observers point out that the Simputer might not qualify as under Chandrashekar's definition of "open," because the device employs a mix of Linux and proprietary software. Further, they suggest that Karnataka's growing dependence on pharmaceuticals and biotechnology make it an awkward place to argue against intellectual property rights, as some in the Free Software movement do. Critics suggest that Karnataka is a stronghold of the India's opposition Congress party, which has a long history of economic nationalism and which has been skeptical of Western business interests. Chandrashekar recently stated that apart from any financial or technical considerations, he saw Linux as a means to overcome "the international digital divide." He added that "you need radical political appreciation" to fully understand the appeal of Open Source software. Chandrashekar has also proposed that local Indian states should both adopt Linux and coordinate their Open Source development programs with the neighboring People's Republic of China. Open Source advocates may celebrate the adoption of Open Source in one location and condemn its rejection in another, but the issues that are driving these decisions seem very far removed from the discussions Open Source advocates and critics are used to having.

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